Abstract: In view of the problem of long matching time in binocular vision positioning and ranging process, a rapid method of binocular vision locating and ranging was proposed based on the background-subtraction method. Firstly, the original images captured by the binocular camera were processed by removing distortion and stereo correction. Then, the image frame and the background frame were subtracted, and morphological processing was carried out to obtain the image containing only the target object; Finally, the left and right images were matched, and the epipolar constraint law was employed to remove the mismatch to obtain the three-dimensional information of the object, and the positioning and ranging operation were completed. Experimental results show that the number of initial matching points is reduced by 96.7%, the number of effective matching points is reduced by 94.1%, and the matching time is reduced by 75.8%, compared with the traditional binocular vision ranging method. The method of this paper has practical significance to realize rapid positioning and ranging based on binocular vision.